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ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɲɧɟɤɨɪɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢ
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Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɟ
ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ.
Ɏɢɪɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ȼɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɭ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɗɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ STH 5.56,
STH 8.66, STH 10.66 C (ɫɦ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɟ).
Ⱦɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ
ɗɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
– ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɲɧɟɤɨɪɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɫɧɟɝɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɧɚ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ
ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ
– ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɟɺ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ.
Ʌɢɰɚɦ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ 16 ɥɟɬ
ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ (ɗɬɨ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ
ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ).
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɧɚɞɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɱɚɬɤɢ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɨɱɤɢ,
ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɡɢɦɧɸɸ
ɨɞɟɠɞɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɛɨɬɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ.
ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ,
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ.
ɇɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɨɣ ɤ
ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ
ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, ɜɵɧɭɬɶ
ɤɥɸɱ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɜɟɱɟ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
– ȼɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
– ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢɥɢ,
– ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ, ɬɟɯɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɢɥɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ
– ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢɫɤɪɵ, ɨɝɨɧɶ)
– ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧoɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
Ɋɢɫ.1
ɉɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ
ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɢ.
Ɋɵɱɚɝ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (2)
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɵɱɚɝ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɵɱɚɝ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ (1)
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɵɱɚɝ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɪɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɧɚɠɚɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɵɱɚɝ
ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (2) ɢ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɩɭɫɬɢɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɵɱɚɝ
(2), ɬɨ ɨɛɚ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ ɨɬɫɤɚɤɢɜɚɸɬ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ; ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.
Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɟ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ
Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ
ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ (ɡɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɤ) ɜ
ɫɬɜɨɥ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ.
Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɗɬɢ
ɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: